动词 verb
v.
- 动词就是表示动作或状态的词,是英文中变化最多的词性。
- 对于一个完整的英语句子来说,动词是不可或缺的。
- 在英语语法当中提到的包括时态、语态、语气、肯定否定等其实大部分就是在讲动词的变化和使用规律。
1.谓语动词
-
实义动词
-
系动词 (实义动词)
-
助动词
-
情态动词 (助动词)
-
谓语动词
- 主 + 谓
- 主 + 谓 + 宾
- 主 + 谓 + 宾 + 宾
- 主 + 谓 + 宾 + 宾补
- 主 + 系 + 表
举例
l come.
不及物动词l love you.
及物动词l give you everything.
双宾动词You make me sad.
使役动词l feel bad.
系动词
1.1.实义动词 Full verb
Main verb
实义动词
从词义角度来看,实义动词具备完整的词汇意义,并且在句子当中,实义动词可以单独充当句子的谓语。比如run,sleep,go,drink等。
实义动词
又可以被分为及物动词
和不及物动词
。
及物动词
需接宾语使意思完整。
不及物动词
自身意思完整,不需要接宾语。
1.1.1.不及物动词 intransitive verb
/ ɪnˈtrænzətɪv vɜːb/
本身意义完整后面不须跟宾语的实义动词,叫做不及物动词(intransitive verb)。
举例
- They
jumped
. - The dog
ran
. - She
sang
. - He is
waiting
outside.
这时根据句子要表达的含义,不及物动词后要接宾语的话,后面就要加介词
举例
- He is
waiting
for you outside.
1.1.2.及物动词 transitive verb
/ˈtrænzətɪv vɜːb/
后面必须跟宾语意义才完整的实义动词,叫做及物动词(transitive verb)。有的动词接一个宾语,有的要接两个宾语。
举例
-
She
loves
rainbows. -
Juan
threw
the ball. -
Could you
phone
the neighbors? -
We
speak
German. -
及物动词
- 单宾动词
- 双宾动词
- 使役动词
1)双宾动词
全称双宾语动词。指的是该词后面可跟两个宾语。
举例
Mr.Johnson tells us an interesting story.
(双宾语,us是间接宾语,an interesting story是直接宾语)
常见的双宾语动词
/əˈwɔːd/ | /baɪ/ | /ɡɪv/ | / liːv/ |
award | buy | give | leave |
/lend/ | /ˈɒfə(r)/ | /peɪ/ | /ʃəʊ/ |
lend | offer | pay | show |
/tiːtʃ/ | /tel/ | /brɪŋ/ | /duː / |
teach | tell | bring | do |
/meɪk/ | /pɑːs/ | /sel/ | /send/ |
make | pass | sell | send |
/sɪŋ/ | /raɪt/ | /ˈɑːnsə(r)/ | /dɪˈnaɪ/ |
sing | write | answer | deny |
/ˈenvi/ | /rɪˈfjuːz/ | /seɪv/ | /speə(r)/ |
envy | refuse | save | spare |
2)使役动词
使役动词是表示使、令、让、帮、叫等意义的动词。
举例
- You make me sad. 你让我伤心。
常见的使役动词
/liːv/ | /ɡet/ | /meɪk/ | /let/ | /hæv/ |
leave | get | make | let | have |
1.1.3.及物动词和不及物动词
英语里有相当一部分实义动词可以兼作及物动词和不及物动词。
举例
- Shall l
begin(不及物动词)
now? - She
began(及物动词)
working as a librarian after she leftschool. - Mike had
knocked(及物动词)
his leg against a table. - They walked up to the door and
knocked(不及物动词)
loudly.
有时英语动词的及物和不及物的用法,与汉语的用法不一样,必须在实践中不断积累!
有的动词在英语里只能用作不及物动词,而汉语则可用作及物动词,比如arrive(到达)
,agree(向意)
,listen(听)
等等,英语里这些动词后面需要接介词
举例
- We
arrived
at the railway station at noon. - Everybody
listened
to the lecture with great interest.Do they agree to the plan?
1.1.4.系动词 linking verb
系动词: 系动词连接主语和后面的成分,连系左右两个意群。
举例 This little girlis
Lily.
系动词is
使得this little girl
和Lily
这两个意群连系在一起。
系动词后面所接的成分是里来说明主语的特点、表明主语的性质特征的,因此我们称为表语(主语补足语),是能表佘主语特征的成分。
系动词除了我们常见的各种形式的be动词(am,is,are,was,were,has been,are being,etc)
外,还有如下一些
- 表示变化类
become get turn grow go
- 感官动词类
look sound smell taste feel
- 延续性动词
remain stay keep
它们后面常跟形容词,构成系表结构。
按照系动词的意义来分类
1)状态系动词
用来表示主语状态,只有
be
一类词
举例
- He
is
a doctor. (is
与补足语
一起说明主语的身份)
2)持续系动词
用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度,主要有
keep
,rest
,remain
,stay
,lie
,stand
。
举例
- Sherry always
kept
silent in the classroom. - The window
stayed
open all the night.
3)表像系动词
用来表示“看起来像”这个概念,主要有
seem
,appear
,look
。
举例
- You
look
great today. - He
seems
very sleepy. - The bright colors can make a small place
appear
muchbigger.
4)感官系动词
感官系动词主要有
feel
,smell
,sound
,taste
举例
- The scarf
feels
so soft. - This flower
smells
sweet. - The idea
sounds
wonderful. - The apples
taste
very good.
5)变化系动词
这些系动词表示主语变成什么样,变化系动词主要有
become
,grow
,turn
,fall
,get
,go
,come
,run
举例
- He
became
strange after that. - She
grew
rich within a short time. - The price
ran
high.
6)终止系动词
表示主语已终止动作,主要有
prove
,turn out
,表示证实,变成之意
举例
- The project
proved
difficult. - His plan
turned out
a success. (turn out表最终结果)
1.1.5.实义动词的五种形式
实义动词的五种基本变化
- 原形
- 第三人称单数
- 过去式
- 过去分词
- 现在分词
原形 | 第三人称单数 | 过去式 | 过去分词 | 现在分词 |
---|---|---|---|---|
do | does | did | done | doing |
ask | asks | asked | asked | asking |
study | studies | studied | studied | studying |
make | makes | made | made | making |
1)第三人称单数的构成
变化规则 | 原型 | 变化方式 |
---|---|---|
一般直接加-s | type, draw, speak | types, draws, speaks |
词尾以字母s, x, ch, sh 或以o 结尾的加-es | pass, do, brush | passes, does, brushes |
以辅音字母+y 结尾的变y 为i 再加-es | tidy, try | tidies, tries |
动词第三人称单数形式用于主语是第三人称单数的一般现在时的句子。
举例
- He like
s
sports. - This book sell
s
well. - Everyone here know
s
it. - The cat jump
s
high.
2)规则动词过去式、过去分词的构成
变化规则 | 原型 | 变化方式 |
---|---|---|
一般情况加-ed | work, listen | worked, listened |
词尾是不发音的e ,加-d | like, type | liked, typed |
词尾是“辅音字母+y ”,则先改y 为i 再加-ed | tidy, try | tidied, tried |
以清辅音结尾,且词尾只有一个辅音字母,则先重复这个字母后加-ed | stop, plan | stopped, planned |
动词过去式形式多用于一般过去时的句子。
举例
- l
did
my homework yesterday. - l
had
a word with Julia this morning. - The boy
opened
his eyes for a moment,looked
at thecaptain, and thendied
.
动词过去分词形式作谓语时,多用于完成时态或被动语态的句子。
举例
- Peter
has written
six papers so far. - l
have
alreadyread
this book. Have
you everbeen
to Beijing?- The truth
will be known
by everyone.
3)现在分词的构成规则
变化规则 | 原型 | 变化方式 |
---|---|---|
一般情况下直接加-ing | work, go | working, going |
以不发音的e 结尾的动词,去掉e 再加-ing | make, type | making, typing |
重读闭音节,以清辅音结尾,末尾只有一个辅音字母的动词,要双写辅音字母,再加-ing | get, run | getting, running |
少数几个以ie 结尾的,先变ie 为y ,再加-ing | lie, die | lying, dying |
动词现在分词形式需要和
be
结合作谓语,多用于进行时态的句子。
举例
- They
are playing
basketball now. - What courses
are
youstudying
this term? - The house
is burning
.
1.2.助动词 Auxiliary Verb
/ɔːɡˈzɪliəri vɜːb/
从词义角度来看,助动词不具备词汇意义;
从在谓语中作用的角度莱看,助动词不能单独充当句子的谓语,必须和实义动词连用,大家可以把它理解为是一种 “辅助性” 的动词,用来帮助构成各种时态,语态,否定,疑问等。
狭义英文的助动词有三种
be
do
have
在实际应用中,要根据时态等因素使用对应的变化形式。
1.2.1.助动词be
的各种变化
am, is, are, was, were, been, being
举例
- He
is
playing guitar. (帮助构成进行时态
) - We
were
having breakfast when Terry phoned. (帮助构成进行时态
) - The shoes
are
made in Italy. (帮助构成被动语态
)
1.2.2.助动词do
的变化形式
does, did
举例
- l
don’t
want to do it. (助动词帮助实义动词构成否定
,后面的do
有意义,不是助动词) Does
she walk to school every day? (帮助实义动词构成疑问
)- What
did
you buy yesterday? (帮助实义动词构成疑问
)
1.2.3.助动词have
的各种变化
has, had, having
举例
- They
have
known each other for twenty years. (帮助构成完成时态
) Has
anybody seen Dave this afternoon? (帮助构成完成时态
).- She
hadn’ t
eaten anything for three days. (帮助构成完成时态否定式
)
这三个动词
be
,do
和have
有时也可用作实义动词。
作为助动词,它们的意思和在谓语中的作用和作为实义动词时是完全不同的。
助动词和实义动词联合起来作句子的谓语成分。
对比以下句子
助动词 | 实义动词 |
---|---|
They didn' t clean the room. | They did the cleaning. |
l was studying English Literature. | l became a writer. |
l have decided to join the club. | l have the club membership. |
1.2.4.情态动词 Modal Auxiliary Verb
/ˈməʊdl ɔːɡˈzɪliəri vɜːb/
情态动词: 情态动词有其自身的词汇意义,可以用来表示可能,建议,命令,愿望,必要,允许,义务,能力,怀疑等,以表达说话者对某种行为或状态的看法或态度。但它本身也是不能单独表示动作和状态的。
情态动词和助动词的相同之处就在于,他们在句中都不能单独作句子的谓语,必须和实义动词一起构成复合谓语。
英文中的情态动词
- can/could
- may/might
- shall/should
- will/would
- must
- need
- dare
- have to
- ought to
简单来说,情态动词就是用在实义动词的前面,用来增添某种意思。
比较下面两个句子意义上的差别
- Linda likes you. (客观事实)
- Linde
must
like you. (加了情态动词must,表示说话人的主观猜测,更带有主观色彩,意思也不同了)
再看个句子
- All passengers
must
wear seat belts.
这里的情态动词mus
t的含以和上面的例子又有了区别。这里的must
没有推测的意思,而是表示“必须”
情态动词的含义大致可分两个类别
1)推测,逻辑上的可能性。
表示人们对于某件事情发生的可能性大小所作的判断。几乎每个情态动词都有推测用法,这是情态动词的共同特点。
2)各自的基本意思,“能力” “许可” “意愿” 相关的意思。
如: can
意为 “能够”, must
意为 “必须”, should
意为 “应该”,may
意为 “可以”等等。
推测用法举例(肯定)
- She
is
sad. (100%肯定,陈述客观事实) - She
must
be sad. (90%肯定,很有把握) - She
may
be sad. (50%肯定,不太有把握) - She
could/might
be sad. (20-30%肯定,很没把握,只是提供一种可能)
推测用法举例(否定)
- The food
isn' t
good. (100%,陈述客观事实) - The food
can' t/couldn' t
be good.(90%,很有把握) - The food
may not
be good.(50%,不太有把握) - The food
might not
be good.(25%,很没把握,只是提供一种可能)
2.非谓语动词
非谓语动词就是没有做谓语成分的动词,而这个动词以某种形式出现充当句子的其他成分。这些成分包括句子的主语,宾语,定语,表语,状语等等。
非谓语动词作句中成分是它们非动词特征的体现。它是动词的一种变化形式,仍保留有动词的特征,比如有自己的主语,有时态和语态的变化。
To do
Doing
Done
举例
- Liz wants
to see
the gardens. (宾语) - The girl
standing
at the gate is my little sister. (定语). Running
is a healthy activity. (主语)- Seen by men, the mice began
to run
. (状语)