Belong to 
1、belong to sb. 指某物属于某人，加宾格（me, you, him, her, us, you, them） 
This book belongs to me. 这本书是我的。
2、belong to sth. 指什么东西可以做什么用或 XX 是某团体、组织等中的一员。
This lid belongs to this jar. 这个盖子是配这个瓶子的。
He has never belonged to any organization. 他从不属于任何组织。
3、belong + XX/ + with XX 指什么东西应该在什么地方
The painting belongs on the wall. 这幅画应该挂在墙上。
The hammer belongs with the other tools. 这把锤子应该和其他工具放在一起。
4、belong + XX 指适应某种环境。
I have no sense of belonging the campus. 我不适应校园的环境。
名词性物主代词
名词性的物主代词在用法上相当于省略了中心名词的-- 's 属格结构
有以下：mine 我的；yours 你的；his 他的；hers 她的；its 它的；ours 我们的；yours
你们的;theirs 他/她/它们的
1、作主语
 May I use your pen? Yours works better. 
 我可以用你的钢笔吗？你的比我的好用。
2、作宾语 
 I love my motherland as much as you love yours. 
 我爱我的祖国就像你爱你的祖国一样深。
3、作介词宾语
 You should interpret what I said in my sense of the word, not in yours. 
 你应当按我所用的词义去解释我说的话，而不能按你自己的意义去解释。
4、作主语补语
The life I have is yours. 我的生命属于你。
直接引语/间接引语
直接引语变为间接引语，时态、状语等都会有变化。
1、 时态变化：往过去推一格
一般现在时→一般过去时
He wants to read this magazine. →He said he wanted to read that magazine. 
现在进行时→过去进行时
He is reading this magazine. →He said that he was reading that magazine. 
一般过去时→过去完成时
He read this magazine. → He said that he had read that magazine. 
现在完成时→过去完成时
He has read this magazine.→ He said that he had read that magazine. 
一般将来时→过去将来时
He will read this magazine. → He said that he would read that magazine. 
2、 时间地点及指示词的变化
Now→ then Today →that day 
Tonight→ that night Yesterday→ the day before 
This month→ that month Last week→ the week before 
Three years ago→ three years before Tomorrow→ the next day 
Next year→ the next year Here→ there 
3、各种句型变化
★陈述句：变为由 that 引导的宾语从句。
“I don’t love her.” he says. 他说。如：“我不爱她。”→He says that he doesn’t 
love her. 他说他不爱她。
注意：Say to sb. → tell sb. 
“It’s a secret.” he said to me. 他对我说。如：“这是秘密。”
He told me that it was a secret. 他对我说那是秘密。
★一般疑问句：将直接引语变为由 if 或 whether 引导的宾语从句跟在引述动词之后。
“Are you ill?” he asked. 他问。如：“你病了吗？”你病了吗？→He asked if 
[whether] I was ill. 他问我是否病了。
★特殊疑问句：将直接引语变为由“疑问词”引导的宾语从句跟在引述动词之后。
He asked, “When did she leave?” 他问。如：“她什么时候离开的？”→He asked 
when she had left. 他问她什么时候离开的。
4、 其他
★直接宾语和间接宾语的位置调换时要加一个介词 to 或 for：
Give me a book. → Give the book to me. 
Send him a letter. → Send a letter to him. 
★若直接引语是两个并列的陈述句，要注意在第二个宾语从句前加连词 that。第一个宾
语从句的 that 有时可以省略，但引导第二个宾语从句的 that 通常不省略。
He says, “I like singing and I want to be a singer.” 他说。如：“我喜欢唱
歌，我想当歌手。”→He says that he likes singing and that he wanted to be a 
singer. 
宾语从句
1、定义：置于动词、介词等词性后面起宾语作用的从句。
2、引导词：that (that 常可省略), whether, if；who, whose, what, which；when, 
where, how, why, whatever, whoever, whomever, whenever, wherever 等。
We think it wrong that he told a lie to everyone.我们认为他对人都说谎是错
的。
They are talking about whether he will win the game.他们在谈论他会不会赢比
赛。
He asked if she would come.他问她是否会来。
Do you know who will come at the meeting? 你知道谁会出席会议？
Please tell me which school you want to go.请告诉我你想上哪个学校？
I don't know when the meeting will be held.我不知道会议什么时候举行。
Please tell me where I can find Tom.请告诉我哪里可以找到汤姆。
3、时态：
★主句是一般现在时，从句根据实际情况使用任何时态。
The headmaster hopes everything goes well. 校长希望一切顺利。
★ 主句是过去时态，从句须用过去时态的某种形式。
She was sorry that she hadn’t finished her work on time.她很抱歉没有按时做
作业。
★当从句表示一个客观真理或者事实时，即使主句是过去时，从句也用一般现在时态。
The teacher told his class that light travels faster than sound.老师告诉学生，
光速比声速快。
不定式
1、定义：全称是“动词不定式”，是一种非限定动词，具有动词的特征，同时也有名
词、形容词和副词的特征。动词不定式在句中可以作主语、宾语、表语、定语和状语，
而且有完成式、进行式、完成进行式和否定形式。
2．形式：（以 do 为例）
 主动语态 被动语态
一般时 to do to be done 
进行时 to be doing 
完成时 to have done to have been done 
完成进行时 to have been doing 
3．用法：
★作主语：
To speak good English is not easy.要说好英语不容易。
Or: It is not easy to speak good English. （采用形式主语 it 以避免头重脚轻）
★作宾语：
She decided to take the examination.她决定接受检查。
★作表语；
His job is to sell cars.他的工作是售车。
★作宾补：
They expected us to help them.他们希望我们去帮助他们。
如谓语动词是感官动词、使役性动词（see, hear, notice, watch, make, have, 
let...），则不定式符号“to”须省略，但在被动语态中不能省。
I heard them sing in the classroom.我听见他们在教室里唱歌。
I made her clean the room.我让她打扫房间。
The girl is heard to sing an English song.女孩被听见在场英文歌。
★作状语：表目的、结果
We come to school to study English.我们去上学为了学英语。
★作定语：不定式短语作定语位于名词之后
The poor man has no house to live in.这个可怜的人无家可归。
4．时态意义：
She seems to dance very well.（现在情况）她似乎跳舞很棒。
She seems to be dancing in the dancing hall.（正在进行）她似乎正在大厅里跳
舞。
She seems to have danced well.（过去情况）她过去舞跳得很好。
5．语态：
She expects the police to find her bicycle.她希望警察找到她的自行车。
She expects her bicycle to be found by the police.她希望她的自行车被警察找
到。
6．否定形式：not to do ... 
He got up early in order not to miss the train.他早起为了不错过火车。
形容词比较级和最高级
1、构成：
★adj./ adv + er / est 
poor→poorer→poorest fast→faster→fastest 
★词尾 e + r / st 
large→larger→largest fine→finer→finest 
★重读闭音节中短元音 + 辅音词尾→双写辅音词尾 + er / est. 
big→bigger→biggest hot→hotter→hottest 
★辅音 + y→i + er / est 
dry→drier→driest angry→angrier→angriest 
★多音节形容词及副词：
more + adj. / adv most + adj. / adv 
★不规则变化：
good / well→better→best bad / ill→worse→worst 
many / much→more→most little→less→least 
late→later→ / latest 
late→latter→last 
far→farther→farthest 
far→further→furthest 
2、用法
★在"... than (any other else) ..."句中
He is taller than I.他比我高。
★在"which... , ... or ...?"句中，表示两者比较
Which is bigger, the sun or the moon? 太阳和月亮，哪一个更大？
★比较级+and+比较级
It's getting darker and darker. 天越来越黑了。
★The more..., the more... 
The more you eat, the more you want. 你越吃越想要吃。
★比较级前可用 much, far, a lot, still, no, a little, even, any 修饰
This story is even more interesting than that one. 这个故事比那个更有趣。
★三者或三者以上进行比较，“the + 形容词 / 副词 est”，典型标志词有 among. 
 John is the tallest of the three. 他是三人中最高的。
简略句式
★So+be 动词/助动词+主语。当前者说了一句肯定意义的话，其肯定的内容也适于你或
另外的人或事物时。
—I’ve got some small change. 我有零钱。
—So have I. 我也有。
—Peter passed the exam. 皮特通过了测验。
—So did Linda. 琳达也通过了。
★Neither+be 动词/助动词+主语。当前者说了一句否定意义的话，其否定的内容也适于
你或另外的人或事物时。
—I haven’t got any small change. 我没有任何零钱。
—Neither have I. 我也没有。
—Peter didn’t pass the exam. 皮特没有通过测验。
—Neither did Linda. 琳达也没有。
不定代词
不定代词用来描述不确定的人或事物，可作主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语等，分为：
一般不定代词：some, any, either, neither, none, both, all, each, every 
复合不定代词：somebody someone something 
anybody anyone anything 
nobody no one nothing 
everybody everyone everything 
不定代词之后的谓语一般用单数。Everybody loves Sally.每个人都喜欢萨利。
例如： I have something to tell you. 我有事要告诉你。
He didn’t say anything at the meeting yesterday. 昨天在会上他没发言。
Everybody likes swimming. 每个人都喜欢游泳。
There is nothing wrong with your ears.你的耳朵没有问题。
时间状语从句 
可以根据引导词的不同做以下分类： 
1. 基本类 ：before, after, when, while, as, since, till, until, once, as soon 
as 等。
Did anyone call when I was out? 我不在家时谁来过电话吗? 
 We have known each other since we were children. 我们从小认识。 
 You’ll feel better after you take the pills. 吃完药丸后你会感到好一些。 
 Make sure that all the lights are off before you go to bed. 睡前要关灯。 
2. 名词类：the moment, the minute, the second, the instant 等表示“一…就…”。
 I loved you the instant I saw you. 我一见到你就爱上你了。
Tell me the moment you get the results. 你一拿到结果就给我打电话。 
3. 副词类：immediately, directly, instantly 等。
 I came immediately you called. 你一打电话我就来了。 
Directly I walked in the door I smelt smoke. 我一进门就闻到烟味。
4. 短语类：every time，each time，any time，the last time，the first time 等。
My roof leaks every time it rains. 每次下雨，我的房顶就漏。 
He felt nervous each time she spoke to him. 每次她和他讲话，他都感到紧张。 
5. 句型类 ：no sooner…than, hardly…when 等。
I had no sooner closed the door than somebody knocked. 
我刚把门关上就有人敲门。 
Hardly were the words uttered when he began to regret them. 
话刚说出口他就开始后悔了。 
过去完成时
1、用法：在过去的时间里，两个动作中，发生在前的哪个动作要用过去完成时。
2、结构：had+过去分词
After she had finished her homework, she went shopping.她完成作业后去购物了。
★ 变疑问句将助动词移到句首
 Had she finished her homework?她完成作业了吗？
★ 变否定句在助动词后面加 not 
She hadn't finished her homework.她没有完成作业。
★过去完成时常用于 hardly / scarcely ... when, no sooner ... than 表示：“一……
就”。
She had hardly / scarcely gone to bed when the bell rang.她刚上床铃就响了。
No sooner had he arrived at the railway station than he met her parents.他
一到火车站就碰到她的爸妈了。
★intend（打算），mean（意味），hope（希望），want（想要），plan（计划）等动词的
过去完成时用来表示本打算做而没有做的事。
 I had intended to call on you yesterday, but someone came to see me just when 
I was about to leave.我原本打算昨天去看你，但刚要出门正好有人来找我。
附：
不规则动词表
Ⅰ. A-A-A 型（动词原形、过去式、过去分词同形）
1 花费 cost cost cost 
2 割 cut cut cut 
3 打，击 hit hit hit 
4 伤害 hurt hurt hurt 
5 让 let let let 
6 放 put put put 
7 读 read read read 
8 伸展，传播 spread spread spread 
Ⅱ. A-A-B 型（动词原形和过去式同形）
1 跳动 beat beat beaten 
Ⅲ. A-B-A 型（动词原形和过去分词同形）
1 变成 become became become 
2 来 come came come 
3 跑 run ran run 
Ⅳ. A-B-B 型（过去式和过去分词同形）
1 挖 dig dug dug 
2 得到 get got got 
3 吊死 hang hanged hanged 
4 悬挂 hang hung hung 
5 握着，举行 hold held held 
6 产卵 lay laid laid 
7 照耀 shine shone shone 
8 坐 sit sat sat 
9 赢 win won won 
10 遇见 meet met met 
11 保持 keep kept kept 
12 睡觉 sleep slept slept 
13 打扫 sweep swept swept 
14 感觉 feel felt felt 
15 逃跑 flee fled fled 
16 闻 smell smelled/smelt smelled/smelt 
17 离开 leave left left 
18 建设 build built built 
19 借出 lend lent lent 
20 传送 send sent sent 
21 花费 spend spent spent 
22 沉下 sink sank/sunk sunk/sunken 
23 丢失 lose lost lost 
24 燃烧 burn burnt burnt 
25 学习 learn learned/learnt learned/learnt 
26 意思是 mean meant meant 
27 抓住 catch caught caught 
28 教 teach taught taught 
29 带来 bring brought brought 
30 战斗 fight fought fought 
31 买 buy bought bought 
32 想，思考 think thought thought 
33 听见 hear heard heard 
34 卖 sell sold sold 
35 告诉 tell told told 
36 说 say said said 
37 找到 find found found 
38 饲养 feed fed fed 
39 有 have/has had had 
40 制造 make made made 
41 站 stand stood stood 
42 粘贴，刺 stick stuck stuck 
43 拼写 spell spelled/spelt spelled/spelt 
44 吐唾沫 spit spat spat 
45 明白 understand understood understood 
Ⅴ. A-B-C 型（动词原形、过去式、过去分词三者不同形）
1 开始 begin began begun 
2 喝 drink drank drunk 
3 躲藏 hide hid hidden 
4 铃响 ring rang rung 
5 唱 sing sang sung 
6 游泳 swim swam swum 
7 吹 blow blew blown 
8 画画 draw drew drawn 
9 飞 fly flew flown 
10 生长 grow grew grown 
11 知道 know knew known 
12 投掷 throw threw thrown 
13 出示，显示 show showed shown 
14 打破 break broke broken 
15 选择 choose chose chosen 
16 忘记 forget forgot forgot/forgotten 
17 结冰，凝固 freeze froze frozen 
18 说 speak spoke spoken 
19 醒 wake woke woke/woken 
20 驾驶 drive drove driven 
21 吃 eat ate eaten 
22 落下 fall fell fallen 
23 给 give gave given 
24 升高 rise rose risen 
25 拿，取 take took taken 
26 弄错 mistake mistook mistaken 
27 骑 ride rode ridden 
28 写 write wrote written 
29 做 do did done 
30 去 go went gone 
31 平躺 lie lay lain 
32 看见 see saw seen 
33 穿 wear wore worn 
34 是 be(am, is, are) was/were been